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THE

RUINS

O F

B A L B E C,

OTHERWISE

HELIOPOLIS

C OE L O S Y R I A.

LONDON:
PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCCLVII.

JOURNEY

FROM

PALMYRA to BALBEC.

THE Specimen of our Eaftern Travels, which we have already given
the publick in the Ruins of Palmyra, has met with fuch a favour¬
able reception as feems to call for the Sequel. We gratefully accept
of the extraordinary indulgence fhewn us upon that occafion as an
invitation to proceed, and fhall therefore produce, from the materials which we
have been able to colle& in the courfe of our voyage, what ever we think may
in any degree promote real knowledge, or fatisfy rational curiofity.

Introduction.

We confider ourfelves as engaged in the fervice of the Re-publick of Letters,
which knows, or ought to know, neither diftin&ion of country, nor feparate ln-
terefts. We fhall therefore continue to publilh our Work, not only in Engliflu
but alfo in the language of a neighbouring Kingdom, whofe candid judgment of
our firft produdtion, under the difadvantage of a hafty and negligent tranflation,
deferves at leaft this acknowledgement.

Having obferved that defcriptions of ruins, without accurate drawings, fel-
dom preferve more of their fubjedt than it’s confulion, we fhall, as in the Ruins
of Palmyra, refer our reader almoft entirely to the plates; where his informa¬
tion will be more full and circumftantial, as well as lefs tedious and contufed,
than could be conveyed by the happieft precifion of language. _ It (hall alfo, in
this, as in the former volume, be our principal care to produce things as we found
them, leaving reflexions and reafonings upon them to others.

This laft rule we fhall fcrupuloufly obferve in defcribing the Buildings ;
where all criticifm on the beauties and faults of the Architefture is left en¬
tirely to the reader. If in this preliminary difcourfe we intermix a few obferva-
tions of our own, not fo neceffarily conne&ed with the fubjeft, it is with a view
to throw a little variety into a very dry collection of tacts, from which at any rate
we can not promile much entertainment.

Before we had quite finifhed our bufinefs at Palmyra our Arabian Efcort began Palmyra,
to folicit our departure with fome impatience : our fafety in returning was, they
laid, much more precarious than in our journey thither ; becaufe they had then only
accidental dangers to apprehend, whereas they were now to guard againft a pre¬
meditated furprize from the King of the Bedouins, or wandering Arabs, who
might have had intelligence of us, and think us a prize worth looking alter. We

£ had

JOURNEY from

had alfo our own reafons for more than ordinary folicitude ; as we were much
more anxious about preferving the treafure we brought from Palmyra than that
which we carried thither.

Having therefore, by their advice, concealed our intended road back as well
as the time we propofed to fet out, we left Palmyra March 2,7th 1751- the few
miferable inhabitants of that place exprefling the utmoft aftonilhment at a viiit
ol which they could not comprehend the meaning.

We returned by the fame tirefome road through the Defart, which we have
ahead)- defcribed in our journey to Palmyra* as far as Sudud ; without any alarm
except one, which is worth mentioning only as it relates to the manners of the

About four hours before our arrival at Carietein we difcovered a party of
Arabian horfemen at a diftance; to which, had the)- been fuperiour in number, we
mult have fallen an eafy prey, in the languid ftate to which both our men and
orfes were reduced, by a march of above twenty hours over the burning fands :
but upon our nearer approach they began to retire precipitately, and abandoned
ome cattle, which our friends feized, as a matter of courfe, laughing at our
remonltrances agamft their injuftice. b &

.i At, Su,dud, We 1Aftr°Ur former road on the r!Sht hand, and in five hours, ftill
through the fame Defart, arrived at Cara, where we took leave of the greateft
part of our Caravan. We fent the manufcripts and marbles, which we had col-
leaed on camels to our ihip at Tripoli ; the merchants who had joined us for
prote&on returned to Damafcus with the fait they went to gather at Palmyra-
fd b0rjmen’,n°W n° lonSer of ufe> returned to their matter the

indeed^the)yjuftlyVdefervedan<^eb “ ^ V«iW aad fide%> which

Cara, a village on the great Caravan-road from Damafcus to Aleppo, contains
flian familf "ear a thoufand fouls, and amongft them about twenty Chri-

, a rWf.h,ad paffed through It before in going fromDamafcus toHaflia

1 MotS ^ u ruined Church to be feen here, and another converted into

LSow UP°n V Tal1 °‘ ^ ktter IS a Jine Greek, in a bad charafter, turned
upfide down, in which we could read the words a@anasios EnisKonos.

This VJUage is pleafantly fituated on a riling ground. The common mud

buThas a°r °f ^ ^ d"ed ‘n the fun’ of which k’s h°t*s are

uilt, has at feme diftance the appearance of white ftone. The fhort duration of

uch materials is not the only objeftion to them; for they make the ftreets dufty
when there is wind and dirty when there is rain. Thefe inconveniencies are felt at
Damafcus, which is moftly built in the fame manner.

whemfevervahn m°nth’S C°nftant &tiPUe “ the Defart> Particularly at Palmyra,

) hour was precious, we indulged ourfelves here with a da)- of reft.

' Ruins of Palmyra page 33.

Security

PALMYRA to BALBEC. 3

Security and repofe, fucceeding to danger and toil, foon gave both us and our
people that comforting refrelhment, which was fo neceflary to prepare us for new
fatigues.

We therefore fet out for Balbec March 3 1*1 and arrived at Erfale in
feven hours. The greateft part of this journey was acrofs the barren ridge of
hills called Antilibanus : our road was tolerably good, and our courfe a little
to the Southward of the Weft.

This village, confifting of about thirty poor houfes, was the only one we Erlil'-
paffed through in our road from Cara to Balbec. We found nothing in it worth
remarking, except a melancholy inftance of the unhappy government of this
country : the houfes were all open , every thing carried off, and not a living
creature to be feen. We had heard that the governour of Balbec’s brother was
then in open rebellion, ravaging the country with a party of his defperate affociates;
and it feems that when we palled through Erfale he was encamped in it’s neigh¬
bourhood, which made the inhabitants choofe to abandon their dwellings, rather
than expofe themfelves to fuch unmerciful contributions as he had raffed in other
places.

We could not avoid Haying here all night ; but, impatient to leave a place of
fo much danger, we fet out early the next morning, and in five hours and a half
arrived at Balbec, our courfe turning Hill more foutherly, our road tolerably
good , lefs mountainous and barren , for the laft two hours , when the plain of
Bocat began to open to us, difcovering on it’s oppofite fide the famed mount
Libanus, whofe top is always covered with fnow.

This city, formerly under the government of Damafcus, and a few years b.h«,i*
finee the refidence of a Bafha, is now commanded by a perfon of no higher rank
than that of Aga, who, preferring the more honourable title of Emir, which
he had by birth, to that of his ftation, was called Emir Haffein. The
Arabs have hereditary nobility and family conne&ions, contrary to the policy
of the Porte, which is defirous of fuppreffing all influence that the Sovereign can
not give and take away at his pleafure.

Emir Haffein paid the Grand Signor fifty purfes annually, for the taxes of
the diftridt he commanded : he alfo paid fifty purfes yearly for lands, granted in
this country as rewards for military fervice, and farmed by him. We were
told that thofe lands were much more profitable to him than to the perfons for
whofe benefit the grant was originally intended : the reafon of which is, that it
would be inconvenient, and even dangerous, for an)- man to pretend to the fame
farm againft fo powerful a competitor. He fhould alfo have paid fomething to
the Bafha of Damafcus , for lands which he held under him ; but had contrived
for fome time to evade it, skreened by the prote&ion of the Kiflar Aga*, to
whom he was faid to be under private contribution. This reafon the Bafha of
Damafcus gave for refilling us letters to Balbec, which he civilly granted to all
other places where they could be of fervice.

• The Tide of the Black Eunuch , who has the care of the Grand Signor's women.

Having

J O U R N E Y

FROM

Our rccrp- Having taken up our lodging with a Greek, to whom we were recom-
"■'"iimc. men(je(j) we wa;tecj on the Emir, and found him in a Chiofque in his garden,
reclined upon a Sopha near a fountain, and indolently enjoying his pipe. We
prefented him with our Firman trom the Grand Signor, and a letter from the
Baiha of Tripoli, and were moft courteoufly received. A pipe, coffee, fweet-
meats, and perfume are fucceffively prefented on thefe occafions, and the laft is
always underftood as a hint to finifh the vifit. He applied the Firman refpeft-
fully to his forehead, and then killed it, declaring himfelf the Sultan’s flave’s Have ;
told us that the land he commanded, and all in it, was ours ; that we were his wel¬
come guefts as long as we would Hay, and might fecurely purfue our bufinefs
under his friendly protection.

No part of oriental manners thews thofe people in fo amiable a light as their
difeharge of the duties of hofpitality : indeed the feverides of Eaftern defpotilm
have ever been foftened by this virtue, which fo happily flourilhes moft where it
is moft wanted. The great forget the infolence of power to the ftranger under
their roof, and onlypreferve a dignity, to tempered by tendernefs and huma¬
nity, that it commands no more than that grateful refpedf, which is otherwife
fcarce known in a country where inferiours are fo much oftener taught to tear
than to love.

We had been advifed to diftruft the Emir, whole charadfer was infamous,
and foon had occafion to fee how friendly that caution was. Though we
had fent our prefents according to the cuftom of the country , yet new demands
were every day made, which for fome time we thought it advifeable to la-
tisfy; but they were fo frequently, and at laft fo infolently repeated, that it
became neceflary to give a peremptory refufal.

Avarice is no doubt as much an Eaftern vice as hofpitality is an Eaftern
c irtue j but we muft obferve that we found the moft fordid inftances of the former
in men of power and publick employment, while we experienced much generolity
in private retired life : we are therefore cautious of charging to the character
of a people what the nature of their government feems to require. For in
the uninterrupted feries of fhamelels venality, which regulates the difeharge
of ever}' publick duty, from the Prime Vizir downwards, and which, in the
true fpirit of defpotifm , flops only at the wretch who is too low to make re-
prifals, every fubaltern in power muft fubmit to that portion of the common
proftitution which belongs to his rank, and which feems therefore the vice of
the office rather than of the man.

Frequent negotiations produced by this quarrel, in which the Emir unfuc-
cefsfull) exerted all his art and villany, ended in an open declaration, on his
fide, that we ffiould be attacked and cut to pieces in our way from5 Balbec.
When he heard that thofe menaces had not the effeft he expe&ed, and that we
were prepared to let out with about twenty armed fervants, he fent us a civil
menage, defiring that we might interchange prefents and part friends , and
allow his people to guard us as far as mount Libanus; to which we agreed
N ot long after this he was affaffinated by an emiffary of that rebellious brother
whom we have mentioned, and who fucceeded him in the government of Balbec.

Bocat

T O

PALMYRA

B A L B E C. 5

Bocat might, by a little care, be made one of the richeft and molt beau-
tiful fpots in Syria : for it is more fertile than the celebrated vale of Damafcus,
and better watered than the rich plains of Efdralon and Rama. In it’s prefent
negledted date it produces corn, fome good grapes, but very little wood. Though
Ihade be fo eflential an article of oriental luxury, yet few plantations of trees are
feen in Turky; the inhabitants being difcouraged from labours which promife
fuch diftant and precarious enjoyment, in a country where even the annual
fruits of their induftry are uncertain. In Palaeftine we have often feen the huf-
bandman fowing, accompanied by an armed friend to prevent his being robbed
of the feed.

This plain extends in length from Balbec almoft to the fea; it’s dire&ion is
from N. E. b. N. to S. W. by S. and it’s breadth, from Libanus to Anti-Libanus,
we guefled to be in few places more than four leagues or lefs than two.

The rivers which water it are the Litane , riling from Anti-Libanus a little
north of Balbec, which having received great increafe from a fine fountain clofe by
the city walls called Rofaleyn , i. e. the Fountain’s-head, and the Bardouni, riling
from the foot of Libanus, near a village called Zakely, about eight hours S. W.
of Balbec, foon joins the Litane in the plain, about an hour from a village
called Barrillas.

Thefc dreams augmented by feveral conftant rills from the melting fnows of
Libanus, which the lead management might improve to all the purpofes either of
agriculture or pleafur.e , form the Calimiah, and enter the fea under that name
near Tyre, where we paded it when we vilited the ruins of that city.

The mutual advantages which Tyre, in it’s flourilhing date, and this
plain mud have reaped from each other are obvious. A rich fea-faring people,
confined to a very narrow territory , upon the fhore, mud have greatly enjoyed
a fpot like this in their neighbourhood; and in all probability their caravans
from Palmyra and the Ead paded through this plain.

Upon a riling ground , near the N. E. extremity of this plain , and imme¬
diately under Anti-Libanus, is pleafantly fituated the city of Balbec, between
Tripoli of Syria and Damafcus, and about dxteen hours didant from each.

From the bed information we could get we concluded the number of it’s
inhabitants to be about live thoufand, of which there are a few Greek and Ma-
ronite Chridians, and fome Jews. The people are poor, without trade and
manufa&ures. The antient female beauty and proditution of this neighbour¬
hood feem to have declined together, and the modern ladies of Balbec have the
character of being more * cruel and lefs fair.

It appears drange that the proper names, Syria and Aflyria, lhould be lo
indillindily ufed by the antients, that both are employed by their bed authors

* Hctlipolis , quie propinquat Libano monti, mulieres fpeciofas pafcit, que aput omnes nominantur Libanotidas ; ubi
Ytiierem piagnifice colunt : dicunt enim earn ibi habit are, & mulieribus gratiam formofitatis dare.

ANTIENT STATE

to exprefs the country we now fpeak of. Befides this confufion of names, the
boundaries of Syria are extremely unfettled in antient writers; nor are the
limits of it’s provinces better afcertained : thofe of Coelofyria in particular are
as perplexed as any in antient Geography.

Could we fuppofe that under this name the antients included , not one tra£fc
of contiguous country, but thofe different valleys which wind among the moun¬
tains of Libanus and Anti-Libanus , in that fenfe in which the low-lands of a
country are oppofed to it’s high-lands, Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolomy might more
eafily be reconciled : but this conjecture , which the litteral meaning of the
name fuggefts, is propofed with diffidence, and only as the lead: exceptionable
way of throwing fome light on what is fo little underftood.

Strabo’s diftinCtion * of Coelofyria in general , and Coelofyria properly fo
called , is not unfavourable to this conftruCtion ; but , however that may be, we
can venture to affert that the latter, viz. Coelofyria properly fo called", is pre-
cifely the plain we have defcribed.

We may with equal certainty conclude from the antients that the prefent
Balbec, in the plain of Bocat, is their Heliopolis of Coelofyria, fometimes called
Heliopolis of Phoenicia, and generally diftinguifhed from other antient cities of
the fame name by it’s vicinity to mount Libanus. We ffiall not trouble the
reader with authorities to prove what is fo clear : the proper names Heliopolis and
Balbec both refer, though in different languages, to the favourite idolatry of
the place, viz. the worlhip of the Sun or Baal ; and the only two infcriptions
found there put this matter beyond all doubt.

of Balbec. WHEN we compare the ruins of Balbec with thofe of many antient cities
which we viiited in Italy , Greece , Egypt , and in other parts of Alia ,
we cannot help thinking them the remains ol the boldeft plan we ever law
attempted in architedhure. Is it not ftrange then that the age and undertaker of
works , in which lolidity and duration have been fo remarkably confulted ,
lhould be a matter ol fuch oblcurity, that from all we have been able to learn
we cannot promife to give entire fatisfadlion on that head ? However, to fave
the reader the difagreeable pains of fearching among the fame rubbifh from
which we. have colledled the following materials, we Ihall condudt him through
the different periods to which thofe buildings can, with any fort of probability,
be afligned , beginning with the moll antient.

j™ah The 'Habitants of this country, Mahometans, Jews, and Chriftians, all

h,»o7. confidently believe that Solomon built both Palmyra and Balbec.

While both thofe ruins anfwer our ideas of his power and his riches, it is not
difficult to find out his wifdom in the former, and his love of pleafure in the
latter. We therefore think it probable that his charadter, as a wife and yet a
voluptuous prince, may have given rife to an opinion, which, with regard to

'f Balbec, the vale of Baal, or Balbeit, the houfe of Baal.

Balbec

OF BALBEC.

Balbec at leaf!:, feems to have fearcc any other foundation ; whatever claim Pal¬
myra * may have. We have feen that the choice of the latter fituation
was worthy of his wifdom; nor could an Eaftern monarch enjoy his favourite
pleafures in a more luxurious retirement than amidft the ftreams and fhades of
Balbec.

Many ftories are told there of the manner in which he fpent his hours
of dalliance in this retreat : a fubject on which the warm imagination of the
Arabs is apt to be too particular. But whether or no this is the tower of Le¬
banon, looking towards Damafcus, mentioned in his writings; whether he
built it for the queen of Sheba , or for Pharoah’s daughter ; whether he effedled
this work in a natural way, as the Jews affirm, or was aflifted by fpirits in the
execution of what the Arabs think beyond human power, with many other
opinions equally ridiculous, hath already been too ferioufly taken notice of by
travellers and miffionaries "J" .

Whether the Phoenicians did not creel thofe temples , in the neighbourhood
of their capital , may perhaps be matter of more reafonable inquiry. So far is
pretty certain , that the fun was worshipped here , in the flourishing times of that
people , when this plain moft probably made part of their territory.

That this city derived both it’s name and worfhip from Heliopolis in Egypt,
is agreeable to moft received opinions of the progrefs of fuperftition from that
country. But we are not left to mere probability for the truth of this fadl,
lince we find the following account of it in Macrobius||; who fays ‘ That in
1 the city called Heliopolis the Aflyrians worfhip the Sun with great pomp,

‘ under the name of Heliopolitan Jove, and that the ftatue of this god was
‘ brought from a city in Egypt alfo called Heliopolis, when Senemur or Sene-
‘ pos reigned over the Egyptians, by Opias ambafladour from Delebor king
‘ of the Aflyrians, together with fome Egyptian priefts of whom Partemetis was
‘ the chief, and that it remained long among the Aflyrians before it was removed
‘ to Heliopolis.’ The fame author adds ‘ that he declines giving the reafon for this
‘ taft, or telling how the ftatue was afterwards brought to the place where in
‘ his time it was worlhipped, more according to the Aflyrian than the Egyptian
1 rites, as circumftances foreign to his purpofe.’

Though the author, by giving the name of Aflyrians to the inhabitants of
Syria, an inaccuracy which we have obferved to be very common in antient
writers, hath perplexed this paffage not a little , yet the oblcure piece of hiftory
it contains feems to Ihew that the religion of Heliopolis in Syria was in his time a
mixture of Chaldtean and Egyptian fuperftition, in which the former prevailed,
as the circumftantial manner in which he mentions names leaves no room to
doubt that he had hiftorical authority for thofe fadls, which however hath not
reached us.

We fhall then fuppofe, with Macrobius, that our Heliopolis received her ido¬
latry from the city of the fame name in Egypt , and pradtifed it with additional

* See Ruins of Palmyra, page
t Ben. Tudulenfis, Radsivil, Quarefmius, Belon, and others.
II Saturnal. Jib. I.

rites

Phoenician

hiftory.

ANTIEMT STATE

rites from Aflyria: but, for the fake of thofe who would trace this matter higher,
we fhall juft obferve, firft, that the Egyptian Heliopolis was fituated on the con¬
fines ot Egypt and Arabia ; again , that the molt antient trading intercourfe
we read of was carried on between that city and the Eaft * ; and laftly,
that, it we rejedt the fabulous origin of the Egyptian Heliopolis in Diodorus y,
and adopt Pliny’s account ||, we fhall find the Sun was worlhipped in
Arabia before this city was built.

MacrobiusJ. proceeds to fhew that the divinity he fpeaks of was both
Jupiter and the Sun; ‘ this appears, fays he, by the rites of the wor-
fhip, and by the attributes of the ftatue, which is of gold, reprefenting a
perfon without a beard, who holds in his right hand a whip, charioteer-
like, and in his left a thunderbolt, together with ears of corn ; all which mark
the united powers of Jupiter and the Sun ’ : he adds , ‘ that the temple
excells in divination, which belongs to Apollo or the Sun : the ftatue
of the god, he fays, is carried as the ftatues of the gods are in the
Circenfian Games , generally fupported by the principal perfons of the pro¬
vince, having their heads fhaven, and being purified by long chaftity ; they
are hurried violently on, not by their choice, but by the impulfe of the
divinity, in the fame manner as the ftatues of the Two Fortunes at An-
tium are carried to give oracular anfwers.

Perhaps, inftead of looking for an account of buildings of the Corinthian
and Jonick order in the Jewiih and Phoenician hiftory, it may be thought
more proper to inquire for them during the time that the Greeks poflefted
this country : but from Alexander’s conqueft of it till that of Pompey we
do not find them mentioned ; for which reafon we conclude that they
muft be works of a later date.

It may be . alledged that the fame period of hiftory is alfo filent with
regard to the buildings of Palmyra § ; though it appears probable , from our
account of the antient ftate of that place, that at this time it was adorned with
works of great magnificence ; and therefore that the buildings of Heliopolis
might alfo have then exifted , though they efcaped the notice of hiftorians.

In anfwer to this we muft obferve, that, befides the obfcurity in which
Palm; ra was kept, as long as it remained an independant ftate, by a moft lin¬
gular reparation from the reft of the world , all accounts of that people from
their own annals are loft, except what the infcriptions have preferved; but the
hiftory of the Seleucidae is known, and hath recorded lefs important works
of thofe kings than the buildings of Heliopolis.

hX“ ; The Roman Hiftory ftill remains for our inquiry. The opinion that

juicer., Heliopolis was made a colony by Julius Gtefar feems to be fupported by no

♦ Gen. chip. 37 v. a5. And the, lift up their eyes and looked, and behold a company of Ifmaelitea came from
Gilead .with their camels bearing fpicer, , and balm , and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt
+ Diodor. lib. 5. w, / AW., ri, ■mi.v.A,, aV. 9, A ™

u lr f' Cap' *"!" P* mfnal Mmpbi, in r£upHJ,u dmm,, Aruba, aniiur:, b,b,„.

+ Macrob. Saturn. Lib. I.

§ Rhins of Palmyra.

better

OF BALBEC.

better authority than the reverfes of home medals in which it is called Colo-
nia Julia.

On the fame grounds it is fuppofed that Auguftus fent veterans thither , be-
caufe on coins it is called Colonia Julia Augufta; and that thofe veterans were
ot the fifth and eighth legions , called the Legio Macedonica and the Legio Au¬
gufta , is gathered from the reverfe of a medal ot Philip the elder , on which
there is this legend ; C O L. HEL. LEG. V. MACED, vm. AVG. Colonia
Heliopolitana Legionis v. Macedonica vm. Augufta?.

From a medal of Auguftus ftruck at Berytus we alfo learn that part of the
fame legions was fent to that city ; and as Strabo mentions two legions
fettled in this country by Agrippa, it has been concluded, upon the concur¬
ring teftimony of thofe coins and this author , that the fifth and eighth legions
were divided between Heliopolis and Berytus : and indeed it appears from the
fame paffage in Strabo*, that the tradf of lands extending from Berytus to He¬
liopolis, and as far as the fource of the Orontes, was allotted to thofe veterans.

We have been told that this temple pretended to divination ; a prerogative
claimed by it’s god the Sun, under the different characters of the Heliopolitan
Jove, the Affyrian Belus, and the Delphick Apollo : and we find that it was
in fome reputation for it’s oracular powers among the Romans, by a ftory re¬
corded of T rajan J' ; who at the folicitation of his friends confulted this god T“ian-
upon the fuccefs of his intended Parthian expedition.

Upon the reverfe ofa medal of Adrian, on which the Two Fortunes are repre- Ads™,
fented, we find the legend LEG. H. COL. H. ; which by fome is read Legio
odtava Colonia Heliopolis. However, were this conjedture more probable
than it feems to be, we do not find the leaft reafon to fuppofe that this emperour,
though a great builder in the provinces, has an)' title to the honour ot thofe
Works.

Lucian , a native of this country, who appears from fome paffages in his
writings to have lived in the time of the Antonines and Commodus, mentions ||
tranfiently, if the treatife on the Syrian goddefs be his, a great and antient temple
in Phoenicia, the rites of whofe worlhip were brought from Heliopolis in
Egypt. This, from his Ihort defcription, appears to be the temple of Bal-
bec: but as nothing which we faw Handing can pofllbly be the remains of what

* BupurJc J*t KaWa'di ph mo Tgui pmot, u’mX %>9» vUv mo fu/ttum, Scgepcvv Slo « %rcv ’Ayf.Wotf tv

Wfoir&t'.r f, ri woWw, V rm « *0{ovt» -mepm. Strab. Lib. XVI.

f The reader may have this ridiculous ftory in the words of Macrobius : Confulunt bunc deum £f? abfentes mijfis
diplomat thus confignatis : refcribitque ordine ad ea qu<e confultatione addita continentur. Sic & imperator Trajanus initurus
ex ea provincia Partbiam cum exercitu confiantiffim* religionis bortantibus amicis , qui maxima bujufce numinis ceperant ex¬
periment a, ut de eventu confident ret ccepU, egit Romano confilio print explorando fidem religionis ■, ne forte fraus fubejfet
bumana : & primum mifit fignatos codicillos, ad quosfibi refcribi vellet. Deusjuffit affefri cbartam, eamque fignari pur am
mitti, flupentibus facer dotibus ad ejtfmodi faSum. Ignorabant quippe conditional! codicillorum. Hos cum maxima admi¬
ration ‘Trajanus excepit, quod ipfe quoque puris tabulis cum deo egiffet. Tunc aids codicillis confcriptis fignatfque confuluit,
an Romam perpetrato belle redi turns ejfet ; vitem centurialem deus ex muneribus in ade dedicat is deferri jujft , dtvifamque in
partes fudario condi ac proinde ferri. Exitus rei obitu Trajani apparuit offibus Romam relatis. Nam fragment, s fpectes re -
liquiarum, vitis argumento cafus futuri tempus oflenfum eft. Macrob. Lib. I. ^ ^ v

|| ’'Ejgm Jt xdi oAAo 4>omxf£ Ifov, oux ’Ao-ov'fwv, dxd AHuVIwv. to eg HAmvroAtof tj tuv Qomxw incixtro. tyu 814 clr“’r“"

fxiyx St xx\ roSs, xa.\ dfjQxiw ir>. Lucian, de Syria Dea.

ANTIENT STATE

in his time could be called antient, we dare only conje&ure that he wrote his
treadle before the prefent temples were built. However, his teftimony
ftrengthens that ot Macrobius , with regard to the antient worfhip of the Sun ,
and the origin of the rites ufed at this place.

We now come to the firft and only hiftorical authority we have dilcovered,
with regard to the building of thofe temples. Johof of Antioch, firnamed Ma-
lala, lays that. A^Iius Antoninus Pius built a great temple to Jupiter at Helio
‘ polls, near Libanus in Phoenicia, which was one of the wonders of the world.’

As upon this fingle teftimony depends all we have been able to learn , with
regai d to the builder ol the greateft work of antiquity now remaining, it may
delerve a more curious examination. 1

From the time that Pompey went through Heliopolis to Damafcus till
the reign we now fpeak of, this country muft have been well known to the
Romans : and yet we have unfuecefsfully looked into this part of their hiftory
lo remarkable for letters and curioftty, in hopes of finding fome mention
ot the molt furpnfing ftrufture in their empire. Can we fuppofe that the
writers of thofe times would have taken notice of lefs remarkable buildings in
Greece, Alia, and Egypt, with fome degree of admiration, and that they would
have exprelied fuch furprife at the temple of Diana at Enhefiw

Phny tells us Lib. XXXVI. Cap. XIV. that the Architeft delpa
was afiifted by the Goddefs to whom the temple was dedicated.

means to raife fo great a weight.

J ulius

OF BALBEC.

Jul!us Capitolinus, ’tis true, who writes the life of this emperour, enume-
rates his buildings; amongft which we do not find this mentioned, though fo
much more confiderable than others of which he takes notice.

Had we any regular judicious account of that emperour’s reign , in which
the temples of Heliopolis were not to be found, it would, no doubt, weaken
the teftimony of Malala: but the trifling eolle&ion of anecdotes, chofen with¬
out judgment, and put together without any order by the author we are fpeak-
lng of, lcarce deferves the name of hiftory.

Heliopolis having been conftituted a colony by Julius Csefar, according
to fomef, and having received part of the veterans of the fifth and the eighth
egion from Auguftus, was made Juris Italici by Septimius Severus ; as we are
informed byUlpian ||, a native of this country: and we accordingly find it’s
temple, for the firft time, on the reverfe of this emperour’s coins.

At the fame time that we meet with Heliopolis on the coins of Julia .Hup™.* *
omna^ and Caracalla, vows in favour of that emperour and emprefs are re-
corded in the two following imperfe& infcriptions, copied from the pedeftals of
tha columns of the great portico, which are reprefented in plate iv. letter G.

mdiis helivpol pro^al

. a N TO N I N I PII FMYC I HVIIJI U V M 1ft l/DMAJ I RJ WAT ?A 1 1\

' COlVMAfdbVMP WHMNA1VR01N1V/M INAl’fdPEfVNI AfX VO TO LAS.

IT .

MDIIS HELIVP

om is daicas

mmmmcommmvm vronimumat/uim k

Magnis Diis Heliupolitanis pro falute

-Antonini Pii Felicis Augufti et Juliae Auguftae Matris Domini Noftri caftrorum
fenatus Patriae —

>- - columnarum dum erant in muro inluminata fua pecunia ex voto libenti

animo folvit.

u. ' - - -

Magnis Diis Heliupolitanis -

► - oriis Domini Noftri Antonini Pii Felicis Augufti & Julia; Auguftae Matris

Domini Noftri caftrorum -

- - toninianae capita columnarum dum erant in muro inluminata fua pecunia. _

-f- See the pages 8 and 9.

|| Eft et Heliopolitana, qua a Divo fever 0 per Belli civilis occaftonem Italia colonia rempullicam accepit. Ulpianus Lib. I
de cenfib.

* Upon comparing our copies of thefe infcriptions with thofe taken by the Rev. Mr. Thomas Crofts, who has vifited
Balbec fince we were there, we found his were molt fatisfaftory , and we acknowledge ourfelves’ obliged to that
gentleman for the liberty he gave us to make ufe of them.

f We

STATE

A N T I E N T

We are at a lofs about the fenfe of capita columnarum Hum erant in rnuro
inlumimta : perhaps thofe words imply the carving or finifhing of the capitals,
which was generally done after the columns were fixed. It was common, among
the antients, for particular perfons to contribute to publick buildings, by exe¬
cuting fome part at their private expence ; and fuch benefa&ions were gene¬
rally recorded by an infcription, of which we have many.

The heathen worfhip prevailed in thefe temples a great while, notwith-
ftanding the progrefs of the Chriftian religion ; which long met with violent
oppofition at Heliopolis, though firft openly preached and received in it’s
neighbourhood.

In thofe violent contefts, between expiring idolatry and prevailing Chri-
ftianitv the temples fuffered much; their ftatues were broken, and their orna¬
ments defaced.

Abulfaragius* fays that ‘ Conftantine built a temple- here;’ and adds
that ‘ he abolilhed a cuftom of this place, permitting the promifcuous ufe of
‘ wives.’

But we learn from the Chronicon Pafchale 'f' that ‘ Conftantine only fhut
‘ up the temples of the Pagans ; while Theodofius deftroyed fome , and con-
1 verted the great and famous temple of Heliopolis into a Chriftian church.’

In this paffage two barbarous words occur , which have been ftrangely tor¬
tured to different meanings. We adopt without hefitation the opinion of
Holftenius, who thinks the word BaA tarn relates to Baal, the idol of the
temple ; but we cannot agree with Reinefius in changing the word TftAi0o» into
•n-iAeSjvAA nrot, as we think the three immenfe ftones of the fubaffement are evi¬
dently fignified by the former. All travellers have taken notice of thofe ftones;
fome indeed of fcarce any thing elfe : nor is it furprifing that after the decline
of tafte, when more attention was paid to mere magnitude than beauty, this
temple fhould be chiefly noted for the iargeft ftones which perhaps were ever
employed in any building.

The Khalit,. It is in vain to go lower for information worth producing, with regard
to thofe buildings : Church Hiftory affords little more than the names of
fome Bifhops and Martyrs of Heliopolis; and, when Mahometanifm prevailed,
this part of the country fell under the government of that branch of the Kha-
lifs called the Ommiades ; an ignorant and incurious race, during whofe times
we find only that || Balbec was a confiderable city.

* Templum etiam [extruxit] in urbe Baal- bee, cujus incole uxores habebant communes, adeo ut nemini de Jlirpe fua conjlaret ;
a quo [faflo ] ipfo probibente abjhnuerunt . Greg. Abul-Pharajii Hilt. Compend. Dynalt. p. 85.

+ KuvravTmt 0 dolSifi.it , fWiWrac, rtt itfa yovov fxAnirtv, xa'i root txovt rut EAAiwu#- ourof l ©ioJoYioc xx) xariXvan.
Kal ri Up 1 HXiwro'Xnot, to to BaWou, to' ply* mi vigi6oV<», xcol to T^&ufrw, x«i hnlnrn dor 0 Exx*wri«v
Chron. Pafch. Olymp. cclxxxix. p. 303,

p Herbelot Bjbliotheque Orientale,

Front

O F

B A L B E C.

After the commencement of their power we fuppofe the name Heliopolis
was entirely difufed, and that of Balbec took place; which we cannot but
think the moft antient as well as the modern name of this city, always ufed
by the natives of the country.

The firft converfion of the temple into a fortrefs looks like a work of thofe
Khalifs; though fome repairs have a more modern appearance, and are, no
doubt, pofteriour to the conqueft of this country by Selim, having probably
been made in the wars between the Grand Emir and the Turks.

In this effay, for the defedls of which we can make no other apology than
it’s being the firft attempt towards a hiftory of thofe buildings , the authori¬
ties to which we have had recourfe take notice of one temple only. To which
then of the two great ruins, that we are to defcribe, lhall we apply the infor¬
mations here colledted?

We do not think it eafy to give a direft anfwer to this queftion ; and lhall
only venture to produce a few obfervations, which may aflift the reader to decide
for himfelf.

If our criticifm upon the word t; &uflo» be juft, as it is applicable to the
greateft temple only, we mull conclude that to have been the fame which Anto¬
ninus built, and which Theodofius converted into a Chriftian church.

We meet with the temple of Heliopolitan Jove on antient coins; which are
not always exadl with regard to the form of the building they mean to reprefent;
as will probably appear in the following inftances.

On the reverfe of a medal of Septimius Severus we find a temple, in form
like the great temple of Balbec, and having, like it, ten columns in front, with
the legend C O L. HEL. I. O. M. H. ColoniaHeliopolitanaJovi Optimo Maximo
Heliopolitano.

But on the reverfe of another medal of the fame emperour, with the fame
legend, we fee a temple in perfpedtive, having indeed the fame form with both
the great and the moft entire temple of Balbec ; but having fix columns only in
front, which is the number of neither. The fame is repeated on the reverfe of
a medal of Caracalla.

On the reverfes of fome medals of Philip the Elder and his wife Ottacilia
we find the fame legend, with a temple of a different fize and form, bearing no
refemblance to any of the temples of Balbec.

Upon the reverfe of another medal of the fame Philip we find a fourth temple,
which feems to belong to Heliopolis by the legend COL. IVL. AVG. FEL.
HEL. Colonia Julia Augufta Fcelix Hieliopolitana. A flair of many fteps leads

£ to

ANTIENT STATE

to an area, in which is a temple of the form of the great temple of Balbec :
This is, in all probability, an aukward reprefentation of that great temple,
with the courts, portico, and great flairs leading to it.

In our defcription of the great temple, we fhall give fome reafons which have
convinced us that it never was compleatly finifhed.

In the entablature of the temples there is a more than accidental limilitude,
which nothing but imitation could produce.

Thofe temples difcovered to us no marks of very different antiquity ; and
the leaft entire feemed to owe it’s more ruinous ftate rather to violence than to
decay.

Under whatever name the antient divinity of this temple was invoked, whe¬
ther the Baal of facred, or the Belus of profane hiftory, whether called Jupiter
or Apollo, it is certain the objeft of worfhip was the Sun ; the ftrufture of
whofe temples at Palmyra and Heliopolis differs from that ol all others we have
feen, in fome particulars which may be the fubjedf of a feparate enquiry into
the Syrian mythology.

At prefent we fhall only obferve, as travellers through thofe antient feats of
idolatry, that we imagined we could difcover, in many of the deviations from
the true objeitt of worfhip, fomething in the climate, foil, or fituation of each
country, which had great influence in eftablifhing it’s particular mode of fuper-
ftition.

If we apply this obfervation to the country and religion of Syria, and exa¬
mine the worfhip of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, called in fcripture Baal, Afta-
roth, and the Hoft of Heaven, we may perhaps not only fee how that early fu-
perftition, which milled the inhabitants of a flat country, enjoying a conftant
ferenity of sky, was naturally produced ; but we may alfo obferve fomething
of the origin and progrefs of that error, in a certain connexion between thofe
objects of worfhip confidered phyfically, and their characters as divinities.

Thus, the pomp and magnificence with which the Sun was worfhipped in Sy¬
ria and Chaldaea, the name of Baal, which, in the Eaftern language, fignifies
Lord or Matter, and the human vidhims facrificed to him, feem all together to
mark an awful reverence paid rather to his power than to his beneficence, in a
country where the violence of his heat is deftrudfive to vegetation, as it is in
many other refpedts very troublefome to the inhabitants.

But the deification of the inferiour gods of the firmament feems to have
taken it’s rife from different principles , in which love feems to have been more
predominant than fear ; at the fame time that their worfhip has ftronger
charadberifficks of it’s Syrian extradiion than that of Baal , it the following ob~
fervations be well founded.

Not

O F

B A L B E C.

Not only the extenfive plains and unclouded sky, already mentioned, have
been long fince obferved to point this out, but we imagine that the manner in
which the inhabitants of this country live, and which is as uniform as their
climate or their foil, hath greatly contributed to direft their attention to
thefe objccfts.

It has ever been a cuftom with them, equally connected with health and plea-
fure, to pafs the nights in fummer upon the houfe-tops, which for this very
purpofe are made flat , and divided from each other by walls. We found this
way of fleeping extremely agreeable; as we thereby enjoyed the cool air, above
the reach of gnats and vapours, without any other covering than the canopy
of the heavens, which unavoidably prefents itfelf, in different pleafing forms,
upon every interruption of reft, when filence and folitude ftrongly difpofe
the mind to contemplation.

No where could we difcover in the face of the heavens more beauties, nor
on the earth fewer, than in our night-travels through the defarts of Arabia;
where it is impoflible not to be ftruck with this contrail : a boundlefs, dreary
wafte, without tree or water, mountain or valley, or the lead variety of co¬
lours, offers a tedious famenefs to the wearied traveller; who is agreeably re
lieved by looking up to that chearful moving pidlure, which meafures his time,
directs his courfe, and lights up his way.

The warm fancy of the Arab foon felt the tranfition from wild admiration
to fuperftitious refpedb, and the paflions were engaged before the judgment
was confulted. The Jews in their paffage through this wildernefs (where we
are told in the fcriptures * they carried the ftar of their god, which St. Jerom
fuppofes to have been Lucifer, worlbipped in the fame country in his time)
feem to have caught the infection in the fame manner, and “ their hearts) went
“ after their idols.” This bewitching enthufiafm, by which they were ib fre¬
quently feduced, is ftill more ftrongly charadfterized in the fame expreflive lan¬
guage of holy writ, which tells us that “ their eyes went a whoring after
“ their idols § and an antient native of this country, a man of real piety,
feems to acknowledge the danger of contemplating fuch beauties, and to difown
his having yielded to the temptation, in the following words || : “ If 1 be-
“ held the fun when he Ihined, or the moon walking in her brightnefs, and my
“ heart hath been fecretly enticed, or my mouth have killed my hand ; this
“ were an iniquity, &c.

However unconnected the natural hiftory of a country and it’s mythology
may feem, yet their relation might bear a more minute examination, without
running into wild conjeftures. Even Egypt had fome objects of divine wor-

* Amos. v. 26.
+ Ezek. xx. 1 C.

ftlip

§ Ezek. vi. 9.

| Job, xxxi. 26.

A N T I E N T

STATED-

lhip, fo peculiarly the growth of that foil, that they could never bear tranf-
planting, notwithftanding the complaifance of antiquity for her abfurdities.

As fuperftition travelled northward, fhe changed her garb with her country,
and the pi&urefque mixture of hill, vale, grove, and water, in Greece, gave
birth to Oreades, Dryades, and Naiades, with all the varieties of that fanciful
mythology, which only fuch a poet as Homer, in fuch a country as Greece,
could have connefted into that form and fyftem, which poetry has ever fince
thought proper to adopt.

We may add, as a further confirmation of our opinion, that this fame
mythology, examined on the fpot where Homer wrote, has feveral plaufible
and confiflent circumftances, which are entirely local. Should health and leifure
permit us to give the public that more elalfical part of our travels, through
thofe countries which are moft remarkable as the fcenes of antient fable, we
may illuftrate by fome inlhances what is here only hinted at.

Having now finilhed this Second Volume, I beg leave to feparate myfelf
a moment from my fellow-traveller, to acknowledge, as editor of this work
that I alone am accountable for the delay of it’s publication.

When called from my country by other duties, my necefiary abfence re¬
tarded, in fome meafure, it’s progrefs. Mr. Dawkins, with the fame generous
fpirit, which had fo indelatigably furmounted the various obftacles of our
voyage, continued carefully to prote& the fruits of thofe labours which he had
fo chearfully lhared : he not only attended to the accuracy of the work, by
having finilhed drawings made under his own eye by our draughtfman, from
the sketches and meafures he had taken on the fpot, but had the engravings fo
far advanced as to be now ready for the public under our joint infpe&ion.

This declaration I owe in juftice both to the public and my friend : for
whatever, in the ftate of their accounts, the balance may be in his favour, I
muft not ungratefully conceal how much I am a debtor to both.

ROBERT WOOD-

EXPLANATION

of the

PLATES.

EXPLANATION

PLATE L

Plan of the city of Balbec, (hewing only the fituation of the ancient
buildings which remain.

N. B. This plate may be ufed as an index to the contents of the work ;
the principal objects of which are, the great temple with it’s courts, the moll
entire temple, and the circular temple. Views of thofe ruins, in the con¬
dition we found them, are intermixed with the reprefentations of the fame
buildings, in their fuppofed entire Hate ; that it may appear upon what autho¬
rity fome parts are reftored.

N . B. The meafures we make ufe of are Englilh feet and inches.

A. Portico, which formed the grand front to the build¬

ings A. B. C. D. It is defcribed in plates III, IV,
V, VI, VII, VIII, and XI.

B. Hexagonal court, to which the portico A leads, is

defcribed in plates III, IX, X, XI, and XX.

C. Quadrangular court, to which the court B leads, is

defcribed in plates III, and from XII to XX in-
clufive.

D. Great temple, to which the approach was through

the foregoing portico and courts, is defcribed in
plates iil, XXI, and XXII.

E. The mod entire temple, which fee defcribed from

plate XXIII to plate XLI inclufive.

F The circular temple. See plates XLII, XLIII,
XL1V, XLV. • •

G. A Dorick column, whofe (haft confifls of feveral
pieces, Handing fingle on the elevated fouth-weft
part of the city, where the walls inclofe a little
of the foot of Antilibanus. We difcovered no¬
thing, either in the fize, proportions, or work-
manlliipof this column, fo remarkable as a little
bafon on the top of it’s capital, which communi¬
cates with a lemicircular channel, cut longitudinally
down the fide of the (haft, and five or fix inches
deep. We were told that water had been for¬
merly conveyed from the bafon by this chan¬
nel ; but how the bafon was fupplied we could not
learn : as it greatly disfigures the (haft of the co¬
lumn, we fufpedt it to be a modern contrivance..
The (mall part of the city, which is at prefent in¬
habited, is near the circular temple, and to the

fouth and fouth-weft of it. We did not thinlc the
Turkifh buildings worth a place in this plan ; but
the reader may fee a view of them in the follow¬
ing plate. A great deal of the fpace within the
walls is entirely negledted, while a fmall part is
employed in gardens; a name which the Turks
give to any fpot near a town where there is a little
(hade and water.

H. The city walls, which, like thofe of moft of the

ancient cities of Alia, appear to be the confufed
patch-work of different ages. The pieces of ca¬
pitals, broken entablatures,' and, in fome places,
reverfed Greek infcriptions, which we obferved in
walking round them, convinced us that their laft
repairs were made after the decline of tafte, with
materials negligently collected as they lay nearefl:
to hand, and as haftily put together for immediate
defence.

I. The city gates : they correfpond in general with

what we have faid of the walls; but that which
is on the north fide prelents the ruins of a large
fubaffement, with pedeftals and bafes for four co¬
lumns, in a tafte of magnificence and antiquity
much fuperiour to that of the other gates.

The ground immediately about the walls is rocky, and
little advantage is taken of a command of water,
which might be much more ufefully employed than
it is at prefent in the gardens. Some confufed heaps
of rubbifh, which appear to have belonged to an¬
cient buildings, both v/ithin and without the walls,
are too imperfect to deferve notice.

PLATE II.

View of the city of Balbec from the fouth, (hewing it’s antiquities and
Turkifh buildings,

N. B. In this perfpe&ive view the fame letters mark the fame buildings,
of which they marked the plan in the foregoing plate.

A. Turkilh

EXPLANATION

A. Turkifh towers built on the ruins of the portico.

See plate IV.

B. South-weft wall of the hexagonal court.

C. South wall of the quadrangular court.

D. Nine columns of the periftyle of the great temple

on the fouth fide, which ftill continue to fupport
their entablature, notwithftanding feveral unfuc-
cefsful attempts of the Turks to deftroy them, in
order to get at the iron employed in ftrengthening
the building.

E. The mod entire temple.

F. The circular temple, now a Greek church.

G. The Dorick column. See this letter in plate I.

H. The city walls.

J. The well gate.

K. A minaret or Turkifh ftecple. Inftead of bells,

which are not ufcd in Turky, a perfon is em¬
ployed to call the people to prayers from the bal¬
cony, near the top of this minaret, at the five
ftated times appointed in every twenty-four hours
for divine worfhip.

L. A quarry of free ftone, near the city walls, from

which probably the immenfe (tones employed in

the fubaflement of the great temple were taken ;
while the more ornamented parts of thofe build¬
ings were fupplied from a quarry of coarfe white
marble, weft of the city, and at a greater diftance.
In the firft quarry there are ftill remaining fome
vaft ftones, cut and fhaped for ufe : that upon
which this letter is marked, appears, by it’s fhape
and fize, to have been intended for the fame pur-
pofe with the three ftones mentioned in plate III,
letter X. It is not entirely detached from the
quarry at the bottom. We meafured it feparately,
and allowing for a little difagreement in our mea-
lures, owing, we think, to it’s not being exadly
lhaped into a perfectly regular body * we found it
feventy foot long, fourteen broad, and fourteen foot
five inches deep.

The ftone, according to thefe dimenfions, contains
141I28 cubic feet, and fhould weigh, were it Port¬
land ftone, about 2,270,000 pounds avoirdupoize,
or about 1 135 tons.

M. Part of Antilibanus.

N. Part of M. Libanus.

PLATE III.

Plan of the great temple, and of the portico and courts leading to it.

r N'.^' >Tn m°ftLen'ire,Pa,rtS are difbmguifhed in this plan by eroded
lines, the lead: entire by tingle lines, and the intermediate ftages of decay are
marked by a mixture of both. But the precife degree of ruin in which we

b>’ 46 v-s exhibited in

A. Stair leading to the portico.

B. Portico.

C. Lateral chambers, feparated from the portico by two

pilafters. /

D. D. D. D. Broken walls which were perhaps conti¬

nued (or intended to be continued) from the por¬
tico and quadrangular court, till thev met at right
angles. There are no remains to ftrengthen this
conjedhire, further than it's being evident from
the unfiniflied walls that fomethingis wanting ; and
that it is plain from the negligent manner in which
the external walls of the courts are built (which
fee plate II, letter B and C.) that they were to
have been covered by fomething.

E. Great door of communication between the portico

and the hexagonal court.

F. Smaller fide-doors.

G. The hexagonal court. We think it not improbable

that the particular buildings of this and the fol¬
lowing court ferved as fchools and lodgings for
the priefts of the Sun ; whofe habitations + Strabo
takes notice of his having feen at Heliopolis in
Egypt.

PI. Palfages between the portico and the hexagonal court.

I. Exedras of the hexagonal court. The exedne of
the ancients, whether in their palate or private
houfes, were places where philofophers alfembled

to teach and converfe upon different parts of ]]-
. tf[atur<7 Their according to Vitruvius and
Alex, ab Alexandra, refembled much that of the
buildings to which we give this name.

L Nid?^5, PerhapS the priefts were lodged here.

M. Paflage from the hexagonal court to the quadran¬
gular court. ^

N. Lateral communications between the fame.

O. The quadrangular court.

P. It’s redangular exedne, tetraftyle.

Qi It's redangular exedne, hexaftyle.

R. It’s femicircuiar exedra. See thofe of Diocletian's
Baths.

T. It’s great niches ; perhaps for ColofTal ftatues.

V. Smaller niches in the femicircuiar exedne, and be-

tween the pilafters of the quadrangular court.

W. The great temple of ten columns in front, and
nineteen in flank , of which nine only arc il.md-
mg with their entablature. The bafes of the others
are 1 tlmoft all in their places, and fome of them
with pair of the broken Draft; but there are no
bafes to be feen of a veffibule, nor any part of the

“n El' ■ Jh'r 'umple “ °f the Per'Pter°s and de-
caflylc kind of the Greeks; but it's intercolumna-
tton is none of the five forts which Vitruvius

this Hone, .hid, he makes flat, eigiiS ^

t ’E» £ t? 'HMourroAd

Aatoit fi Mui'fuit dvSp.

n inches deep.

“ Lib.tl' p! Of* ” * W™ W** »«!

mentions

OF THE PLATES.

mentions : a neceffary confequcnce of the great dia¬
meter of the columns, which would not admit
even of the pycnoftyle, the lmalleft diftance which
the Greek art of building had preferred.

X. Terras, or fubaffement, of the great temple ; if we
can apply this lad name to that which fupported
no part of the temple. We think it probable that
it was never finifhed, as the expence and trouble
of carrying away materials of this prodigious lize
could have anfwered no purpofe. The reader may
fee in plate XXIV, letter B, the manner in which
the^eriftyle was finifhed before the fubafi'ement.
By what we fee of it at the weft end, it appears
that this fubaffement was to haveconfifted of three
rows or ftrata of ftones, like that of the entire
temple ; the loweft forming the mouldings of the
focle with part of the die ; the fecond forming the
greateft part of the die ; and the h.gheft forming
the remaining part, with the mouldings of the
cimafa. The loweft ftratum is feen in this plan.
We have marked the length of the ftones : their

breadth, not including the projection of the mould¬
ings of the focle, is ten feet five inches ; and their
height thirteen feet. The fecond ftratum, form¬
ing the greateft part of the die of this fubaffe-
ment, is feen at the weft end. We could not get
to meafure the height and breadth of the ftones that
coinpofe it, which however appeared to be the fame
as in the lower row ; but we found the length or
thc.ee of them to make together above a hundred
and ninety feet, and feparately fixty three feet eight
inches, fixty four feet, and fixty three feet. We
have conjedlured (in our account of the ancient
ftate of thefe buildings) that this temple was called
from thefe three great ftones. To the
weft a folid foundation of rough ftones, upon
which the fubaffement is built, appears about twelve
feet above the ground.

The buildings in this plan are raifed a confiderable
height from the ground by very folid arches ; which
fee under letter E of the following plate.

P L A T E IV.

View of the portico in it’s prefent ruinous ftate.

A. Modern towers, built upon the lateral chambers.

See plate III, letter C.

B. An Attic, which is carried on through the two courts,

and feems to have been ornamented with ftatues.

C. Entablature, which is the fame on the outfide and

infide of the portico. See plate VIII.

D. Lateral chambers. See their feCtions, plates VI and

XI.

E. Doors leading to the arches which fupport the por¬

tico and the two courts. The feCtions of thofe
arches,, in plates X, XI, XIII and XIV, ftiew that
they communicate with one another, and are car¬
ried on in the fame direction with the walls of the
portico and courts, to which they give both fojidity
and elevation. The ruftick manner in which they
are built, of vaft unchizzled ftones, would make
it feem as if nothing elfe was intended by them ;
and yet fome heads carved in alto relievo upon the
key-ftones, which projeCt at regular diftances, made
us fufpeCt they might alfo have anfwered forne
mvfterious purpofes of the antient religion of this
temple. They are in fome places almoft filled up
with rubbifh, and very indifferently lighted by the
funnels, which fee plate X, letter F } fo that we

could only difeover by torch-light one of thofe
heads diftinCtly, which had a youthful face with
horns like a Serapis. We could alfo obferve upon
the fame ftone fome Roman characters, but fo m-
diftinCt that we found it impoflible to make out
a word. The fame obfeurity and rubbifii alfo pre¬
vented our taking an exaCl plan of thofe arches.

F. Rough wall, which we fuppole was covered by the

ftair, as reprefented in the following plate.

G. Pedeftals of the columns of the portico. Upon two of

them marked with this letter are the infcriptions,
which fee page 1 1 . Thefe columns were (landing in
La Roque's time, 1688 ; if we may at all truft to his
account, which contains fo much ignorant admi¬
ration, and fo little intelligible defeription.

H. Turkifli wall.

I. Great door leading to the hexagonal court.

K. Smaller lateral doors, with niches over them, lead¬

ing to the fame. See plate VII.

L. Tabernacles for ftatues. The columns of all the

tabernacles of thefe ruins are taken away, as well
as all the ftatues, and every thing that was port¬
able.

M. The fouth-weft part of the city.

PLATE V.

Upright of the portico in it’s perfect ftate.

No ornament feems wanting to complete this grand front to the whole
building, as it is herereftored, except the ftatues on the Attic and I in the
tabernacles. How far it may have been farther extended on both f des be¬
yond the lateral chambers, can only be conjeftured See plate III letter D.
The doors marked E, in plate IV, are omitted here by a miftake, which
was not difeovered till the plate was engraved.

Several

explanation

Several art, fts have obferved a fimilitude between fome European buildings
and lome parts of the ruins of Palmyra and Balbec; from which they have
perhaps too haft, ly, concluded that the former were copied from the latter’
The portico of the Louvre at Pans has been compared in this light with fome
parts of the ruins of Palmyra, as alio with the portico deferibed in this plate •
but we cannot difeover any foundation for inferences fo injurious to the me¬
mory of the architect who built that noble ftruflure, which is as juftly ad-
mired as it is unaccountably neglected. ^

plate vi.

Longitudinal feftion of the fame.
See it’s tranverfe fe^ion plate XI.

plate VII.

Smaller door of communication, between the portico and hexagonal court.

A. The door. _ ,

B. Niche over the door. L and D- Tabernacles of the portico.

PLATE VIII.

Order of the portico.

PLATE IX.

- >- *

A. Exedrx of the hexagonal conr, on its fouth-wert C. The molt entire temple.

B. Bxedr* of the fame on Its notth-welf f,de. this **. at . ^

PLATE X.

Upright of the eaft, fouth-eaft, and north-eaft lides of the fame court.

A. B. The north-eaft fide. „ c ..

n S' Sc C,aft fide‘ F’ S^frn °f °T °f ■ ^ches on which the building

F ?' J <oo*-ea(t fide. Lfe • ‘ ”“h “ f"nnd for thc “^Kance of

E. Sefhon of the irregular chambers, which form the r c I- - ‘ ,

northern and fouthera angles of the heLon &e a"0lh,:r “ %llte'1-

plate 111, letter K. ° -

plate

O F

the plates.
PLATE XL

Section of the flair, portico, and hexagonal court.

A. The ftair.

B. C. The portico.

C. D. Veftibule between the portico and the hexagonal

court. See plate III, letter I.

D. E. South-eaft fide of the hexagonal court.

E. F. South-weft fide of the fame.

F. G. South fide of the palfage from the hexagonal to

the quadrangular court.

H. Arches fupporting the whole building.

PLATE XII.

View of the quadrangular court, in it’s prefent ftate, as it is feen from
the paffage between it and the hexagonal court.

A. The fouth fide of the court.

B. The north fide of the fame.

C. The moft entire temple.

D. The great temple.

Mount Libanus appears in this view as in plate IX.

PLATE XIII.

Upright of half the eaft fide of the quadrangular court, to which the
other half is perfectly fimilar. See plate III.

A. Niches, with tabernacles above them, between the D. Exedra.

pilafters. See plate XVIII, XIX, and XLV. E. Door of one of the chambers. See plate III, let-
B Door of the lateral communication between the two ter G. ......

courts. See plate III, letter N. F. Arch fupporting the building.

C. Great niche. See plate III, letter T.

PLATE XIV.

Upright of the north fide of the quadrangular court, fimilar to the fouth fide.

A. Niches and tabernacles.

B. Door of one of the chambers. See plate III, let¬

ter S.

C. Reiftangular exedra, tetraftyle.

D. Semicircular exedra.

E. Re&angular exedrse, hexaftyle.

F. Door of one of the chambers. See plate III, letter S.

G. Arch fupporting the building.

PLATE XV.

Longitudinal feel ion of one of the rectangular exedrar of the quadran¬
gular court.

A. B. Tabernacles of the exedne. i" the court. See plate XX.

C. Entablature, which is the fame in the exedra: and D. Arched .olht.

PLATE

EXPLANATION
PLATE XVI.

Tranfverfe feflion and plan of the fame.

A. Plan of the columns in the front of the exedrs :
fome remaining fragments fhew they were of one
piece of granite.

B. Plan of the tabernacles of the exedras in front,
L. Plan of the lateral tabernacles of the fame.

PLATE XVII.

Plan and upright of the femicircular exedrre.

A. Niche. See plate XVIII.

B. Tabernacle above it. See plate XIX.

C. Entablature. See plate XX.

D. Arched foffit.

PLATE XVIII.

I pright of the niche in the femicircular exedrse, and between the
■n the quadrangular court, with part of the tabernacle above it.

pilafters

Back of the niche. See it’s depth plate XLV.

It's pilafter, of the compofite order, ornamented with
oak leaves.

Great pilafter of the court. See it’s entire order,
plate XX.

Frieze within the niche, having it’s breadth equal to

the height of the compofite capitals of the pilafters.
shell forming the top of the niche.

Pcdeftal for a ftatue.

Columns of the tabernacle above the niche.

Recefs cut in the wall, to give the tabernacle a pro¬
per depth. r

plate XIX.

Plan and upright of the tabernacle, above the niche deferibed
plate.

in the laft

A. Plan of the tabernacle.

B. C. It’s depth in the wall.

D. Plan of it’s compofite columns.

E. Plan of the pilafter of the courts. Plate XX fhews

it’s order.

PLATE XX.

Order of the two courts.

The fhafts of thofe columns were of one piece of granite ; the bafes and
capitals were of the fame materials with the reft of the building

PLATE XXI.

\ lews of both temples, in their prefent ftate, from the weft.

IS. The mll'entirftempfe’”1 C T"rki.ih towers. built upon the ruins of the

r great portico.

D. The

OF THE

D. The great niches of the quadrangular court.

•E. Great door leading to the portico.

PLATES.

F. A door leading to thofe arches already defcribed,
which fupport the building.

PLATE XXII.

Order of the great temple.

The {hafts of thefe columns confift of three pieces, joined moft exaftly
without cement, ( which is ufed in no part of thefe buildings ) and
{Lengthened by iron pins received into a focket worked in each ftone. Molt
of the bafes had two fuch fockets, one circular and another fquare, cor-
refpondino- to two others of the fame foape and dimenfions in the under part
of the {haft. By meafuring feme of the largeft of thofe which were circular,
we found the iron pin which they received mull have been a foot long, and
above a foot diameter. When we obferved, by finding fuch fockets in all the
fallen fragments of this temple, that each ftone had probably been (Lengthened
in this manner, we were lefs furprifed at the quantities of iron faid to be
carried away by the Bathas of Damafcus, at different times, from thefe
ruins, on which they had left moft evident marks of their violent, though un-
fucce’fsful, attempts to get at the iron of the columns which are ftanding. How
much this method contributes to the {Length of the building is remarkably
feen in the moft entire temple, plate XXIV ; where a column has fallen again!!
the wall of the cell, with fuch violence as to beat in the ftone it fell againft,
and break part of the {haft, while the joinings of the fame {haft have not
been in the leaf! opened by the {hock.

PLATE XXIII.

Plan of the moft entire temple.

This temple is irregularly placed with regard to the former, and is alfo built
upon a much lower horizontal plan ; fee plate XXIV : and yet on the fouth
fide it appears that it’s fubaffement is raifed confiderably from the ground by
a very folid foundation, in the fame manner as that ot the great temple.

N. B. The crofted lines mark what is ftanding, the fingle lines what is
ruinous, and the outline what is entirely deftroyed.

A. Stair, now deftroyed, which was ftanding in La

Roque's time. ’The number of fteps is deter¬
mined by the height of the fubaflement.

B. Periftyle, of eight columns in front, and fifteen in

flank.

C. Veftibule ; in which the columns are of a lefs dia¬

meter than thofe of the periftyle.

D. Door of the temple. On each fide of it is a ftair,

by which we got up to the top of the cell, and
could walk round it.

E. The body of the cell ; in which we have thought

proper to omit two walls parallel to the north and
louth walls of the cell, as evidently of a more
modern conftrudion than the reft of the temple.
See the remains of thofe walls in the view of the

infide of this temple, in it’s prefent ftate, plate
XXXV, letter F.

F. The weft end of the temple, which is divided from
the body of the cell. See plate XXXVI; where
it appears how much the pavement of this part
is raifed above that of the cell, from which there
was a ftair to it : and on each fide of this ftair was
another to defeend from the cell to two vaults,
which are under the raifed pavement of this weft
end. We examined thofe vaults by torch-light,
and found them pretty much choaked up with
rubbilh ; but, as far as we could fee, unornamented.

The middle of this raifed part had a feparate arched
foffit belonging to it, under which the golden fta-
tue of the God defcribed by Macrobius * was pro-
m bably

* See pag. 8 preceding.

E X P L

A N A T I O N

bably placed. This fort of throne we fliall call
the Thalamus, as it anfwers exadtly to that fa-
cred part of the temple of the Syrian Goddefs
at Hieropolis, to which Lucian gives this name
in the following pafiage : "EvSoBev Se 6 vi ps, iux.
umXo& f aXXa « aJrJ BxXa.ij.or ^e-

wa/jjra/. alvoSos kcu eg tUtov oXtyr,. Bu'cijirt Se ovx

ytritriTcii, a XX eg ^ avjiov airag dycnre7r}xTzi. eg plv
rov fj.sya i/ irccvres, elre^yovrai. 'eg Se tov

3a.Xctfj.ov oi ipeeg uSvov. £ pev rot ordvreg IpUg, dXXd
TCI uxX^x ayyiBeot re el<r,, ^ rou u -vira eg rS
*F° \ i “eXeToti Be powre/tj. Iv Se I rZSe el'arou rd eSea,
re Hpr,, y.di -r aural A/a ’etfa er'epu £v£pd j,

afj<pu Se XPu ceoi r'e eln, £ apQu tQovrou.

PLATE XXIV.

\ iew of both temples, in their prefent ftate, from the fouth.

R ' ’iv ptr\ot *■&« ^ t,L°i ,he weft and

Which fupports thc™c„,^ ZS i °Ce’S C' at!*"' ‘he ,emPle int0 a fcr-

D. Houfes now inhabited.

PLATE XXV.

anHUrPh'gf n°f -the t°nt °frhe entirC temPlc’ in k’s Perfea In this

oenftvl r Wu fe£ tHe difffcrent dintenfion/of the orders of the

periftyle and veltibule ; the capital of the latter being on a level with he

Sis? Whidl iS more diftinftly obferved in

lettTrhB.aUth°nty f°r the fneZe m the Pediment may be feen in plate XXI,

PLATE XXVI.

Upright of the flank of the fame.

PLATE XXVII.

Order of the periftyle of the fame.

The (hafts of thefe columns are moft of them of three pieces though a
few confift of two pieces only. We have obferved, in our account of the an

i ,z^nc;Jiai:;yTzzc°" of ,h' r“' Iinsui“'!-

PLATE XXVIII.

Tranfverfe fe£hon of the veftibule.

N. B. The fhaded part only is ftanding.

A. Profile

. Profile of the entablature of the foregoing plate:
it is compofed of two pieces, one forming the cor-
niche, and the other the frieze and architrave, as
is here reprefented.

. Tranfverfe fedtion of the Iacunari ; (hewing their
curve, and the manner in which they are fupportcd,
on one fide, by the external corniche of the cell,
and, on the other, by the internal architrave of the
.periftyle.

C. Profile of the external entablature of the cell.

D. Profile of the entablature of the veftibule.

E. Part of the arched foffit of the veftibule which re¬

mains.

F. Projection which is carried quite round the cell, from

one of the antaj to the other, but is not continued
in the veftibule : fee plate XXX.

G. Sedtion of the fubaffement ; (hewing it’s projection

two feet beyond the bafes of the columns it dip-
ports.

PLATE XXIX.

The Iacunari.

A. B. Projection of the corniche of the cell fupporting
the Iacunari on one fide, as we have feen in the laft
plate.

a. b. Projection of the internal architrave of the peri-
ftyle, by which the Iacunari are fupported on the
other fide ; as the laft plate alfo (hews.

A. B. b. a. Shews the dimenfions of one of the pieces
of marble, of which the Iacunari are compofed ;
half of which piece contains all the variety of orna¬
ments which are repeated in this foffit round the
temple, and which confifts of an alternate fuc-
ceffion of one hexagon and four rhombs, inclofing
figures and heads in alto relievo, with the inter¬
mediate triangular fpaces ornamented in the man¬

ner here (hewn. The rhomboid pannels contain
heads of Gods, Heroes, and Emperours : the hexa¬
gons alfo contain heads of the fame fubjefts, and
(ometimes entire figures relative to antient my¬
thology ; as Leda, Ganymede, &c. The great height
at which thefe figures are placed, in a narrow por¬
tico, added to the blacknefs and duft contracted by
fome hundred years negleCt, made it impoffible for
us to diftingui(h the fubjefts of the fculpture fuf-
ficiently to make drawings of them all.

C. Plan of the (hafts of the columns of the periftyle,

in their fuperiour contracted diameter.

D. Soffit of the architrave.

'II

PLATE XXX.

Order of the ants.

The ornament, which is here marked five feet and five inches above the
bafe, is carried quite round the cell, as we have obferved of the proje&ion above
it, marked F, plate XXVIII : this entablature alfo, as well as the mould¬
ings of the bafe, is continued round the cell.

PLATE XXXI.

Order of the veftibule.

The (hafts of thefe columns are fome of two and fome of three pieces :
the flutings have been begun, but are left unfinilhed.

PLATE XXXII.

Upright of the door of this temple.

The fide-architraves of this door are of one piece of marble each ; and the
fuperiour architrave is of three pieces.

PLATE XXXIII.

Scroll and architrave of the fame.

A. The fcroll in front.

B. Profile of the fame, (hewing it’s double volute.

C. Mouldings and plan of the architrave. The flank

of the fide-architrave was to have been adorned
with fculpture, as well as it’s front •, which appears by
a fmall part that was begun. The workman-

(hip of this door is finiflied with great delicacy :
the attitudes of the Cupids in the great face are all
different ; nor are the fruits and flowers of the fe-
cond face the fame all round : a variety which this
fpecimen could not exprefs, and which we did not
think worth a more particular detail.

PLATE

EXPLANATION

PLATE XXXIV.

Corniche, frieze, and foffit of the fame.

A. The corniche.

b. The frieze terminated by the fcroll, as well as part
of the corniche.

C. C. The fuperiour and fide architrave fliewn in the
laft plate, letter C.

D. The fcroll.

E. Soffit of the door. The caduceus, which the eagle

holds in his claws, is fhut at the top, and has no
fhake’s heads.

PLATE XXXV.

View of the infide of the temple from the door, in it’s prefent ftate.

A. Wall of the elevated weft end of the cell. The

four unfinilhed pilafters feen here are cut out of
the tame ftones which form the wall of the cell, and
confequently were part of the original plan of the
temple ; but for what ufe they were intended we
are at a lofs to guefs.

B. North and fouth walls of the cell.

C. Part of the entablature of the Thalamus, which ftill

remains.

D. E. Pilafters and half-columns, which fupported that
entablature.

F . F oundations of two walls now deftroyed, which, in

La Roque’s time, fupported columns, dividing the
cell into three naves : an addition which was cer¬
tainly made when the temple was converted into
a Chriftian church.

G. Door leading to one of the vaults deferibed in plate

XXIII, letter F. See plate XL, letter K.

PLATE XXXVI.

Longitudinal fe&ion of the temple.

N. B. The roof, which is deftroyed, is marked only by an out-line.

A. Wing of the ftair.

B. Columns of the periftyle.

C. The lacunari.

D. Columns of the veftibule.

E. Arched foffit of the fame.

F. Side-architrave of the door of the temple.

G. Fluted half-columns of the internal order of the

cell. The manner in which the upper parts of
their ffiafts are flanked by half-pilafters, riling from
the bottom of the tabernacles, is feen in plate
XXXIX. r

PI. Their fubaflement or ftylobat.

I. Niches for ftatues.

K. Tabernacles for ftatues.

L. Arched foffit of the temple.

M. Afcent from the cell to the Thalamus. The ftair

which was here is deftroyed.

N. Defcent from the cell to 'the vaults under the weft

end. The ftairs which were here are alfo de¬
ftroyed.

O. Pilafters and half-columns dividing the body of the

cell from the elevated weft end.

P. Four plain niches to the north and fouth of the Tha¬

lamus.

Qi. Vault under the Thalamus.

R. Arched foffit of the Thalamus.

S. Weft wall of the cell of the temple.

PLATE XXXVII.

Internal order of the cell.

The fhafts of thefe columns are of feveral pieces ; being compofed of the
fame ftones winch form the wall of the cell. Their 'projeflion from the wall
is fomething more than half a diameter ; which occafions thirteen flutinos to
be feen, out of twenty four which the whole circumference would confift of.

plate XXXVIII.

Upright of the niches for ftatues, with part of the tabernacles.

A, Depth

OF THE

A. Depth of the niche taken from the wall of the

cell.

B. Pilafter of the niche. The ornaments of the im¬

port and arch are the fame. See the foffit of the
arch in plate XLVI.

C. Fluted half columns of the internal order of the

cell. See plate XXXVII.

D. Corniche above the niche.

E. Pedeftal upon that corniche, fupporting the taber-

PLATES.

nacles. The projection in the middle was for a
ftatue.

F. Recefs in the wall, to give fufficient depth to the ta¬

bernacle. See plate XLVI.

G. Lower part of a half-pilafter forming the lides of

that recefs, whofe capital terminates with the ca¬
pital of the fluted column j as may be feen in plate
XLVI, Fig. I, letters G and H.

H. Point fhewing the direction of the axis of the co¬

lumn of the tabernacles above.

PLATE XXXIX.

Upright of the tabernacles above the niches of the laft plate, with their
plan.

A. Plan of the projecting part of the pedeftal, which D. Plan of the half-pilafter, which is on each fide of

fupported a ftatue. the recefs formed in the wall, to give the taber-

B. Part of the plan of the half-column. nacle a proper depth.

C. Plan of the column of the tabernacle. E and F. The depth of that recefs.

PLATE XL.

Tranfverfe fe&ion of the temple.

N. B. The fhaded part Ihews what is Handing.

A. Section of the fubaflement.

B. Columns of the periftyle.

C. The lacunari.

D. SeCtion of the north and fouth wall of the cell.

E. SeCtion of the fubaffement, or ftylobat, of the inter¬

nal order of the cell.

F. SeCtion of the corniche fupporting the tabernacles.

G. SeCtion of the pediment of the tabernacles.

H. Open tabernacles for ftatues, between the cell and

the elevated weft end.

I. Open arches or niches, alfo for ftatues.

K. Doors to defcend from the cell to the vaults.

L. Half-columns of the internal order of the cell (lee

plate XXXVII) joined here with pilafters, fepa-
rating the cell from the more elevated weft end.

M. Weft wall of the cell with the unfinilhed pilafters.

See plate XXXV, letter A.

N. Arched foffit of the temple.

O. Arched foffit of the Thalamus.

PLATE XLI.

PerfpetTive view of the temple laft defcribed, in it’s prefent ftate.

PLATE XLII.

Plan of the circular temple.

The order of this temple without is Corinthian, and within both Corin¬
thian and Ionic. The (hafts of the columns, as well without as within, are
of one piece : the lower or Ionic ftory is at prefent converted into a Greek
church, and feparated from the higher or Corinthian ftory for that purpofe.

A. Theftair ; on the ruins of which now Hands a Turk- C. Plan of the external columns and their ftylobat.

ifli houfe. See plate XLIII. D. Plan of their architrave.

B. Cell of the temple. See it’s two orders plate XLV.

PLATE XLIII.

Front view of the fame, in it’s prefent ftate.

A. Part

E X P L A N

A. Part of the arched foffit which remains.

B. External entablature. We faw nothing in this or¬

der which deferved more particular notice.

C. The door.

PLAT

Back view of the fame

A. Part of the arched foffit.

B. The entablature.

C. Ornaments of Cupids, holding feftons of fruits and

flowers, between the capitals of the pilafters.

D. Niche, in which remains the pedeftal for a ftatue.

A T I O N

D. Tabernacle oppofite to the door.

E. Modern addition, by which the door has been walled

up.

F. Turkilh houfes.

E XLIY.

, in it’s prefent ftate.

E. Fafcia, which is continued round the temple be¬

tween the pilafters.

F. Wall of the cell.

G. Stylobat.

H. Turkilh houfes.

PLATE XLV.

T ranfverfe fedlion of the fame.

A. Part of the arched foffit.

B. External and internal entablature.

C. Superiour order, Corinthian.

D. Interiour order, Ionic.

E. Stylobat of the Ionic order.

F. Sedtion of the wall of the cell.

G. Sedtion or profile of the fafcia, marked E in the laft

plate.

H. External ftylobat.

PLATE XLVT.

Fig. I. Section of the niches and
and XXXIX.

A. Half column of the internal order.

B. Depth of the niche.

C. Recefs in the wall of the cell forming the niche.

D. The arched foflit of the niche.

E. Projedtion of the corniche above the niche, on which

tabernacles of the plates XXXVIII

the columns of the tabernacles are fupported.

F. Sedtion of the entablature and pediment of the ta¬

bernacle.

G. Capital of the pilafter.

H. Capital of the half column.

Fig. II. Section of the niches and tabernacles of plates XVIII and XIX.

A. Pilafters of the court.

B. Pilafter of the niche, of the compofite order.

C. Depth of the niche.

D. Sedtion of the fuperiour part of the niche.

F.. Sedtion of the pedeftal of the tabernacle.

F. Depth of the tabernacle.

G. Sedtion of the entablature and pediment of the ta¬

bernacle.

Fig. III. Two orders of columns, which are feen in the angles of all
the rectangular exedrte of both courts.

A. Firft order ; which is upon a level with the niches B. Second order ; upon a level with the tabernacles of
of thofe exedra. the fame.

C. Angular pediment.

FINIS.

Tixl’lT.

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Bfe; i

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ZWJ.XXXZ.

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